Age
17
Sex
F
Collection Date
2024-11-06
Results Date
2024-11-08
Laboratory
BIOCLINICA, Brașov
General Score
24
11
6
3
2
This interpretation performed with artificial intelligence is strictly for informational and educational purposes. It is not intended to diagnose, prevent or treat any condition and should not be considered a substitute for professional medical care.
Complete Blood Count
Hematii
Red Blood Cells
5540000
/mm³
2725000
3900000
5150000
6325000
Optimal: 4220000 - 4670000
Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. An elevated count may indicate dehydration or other conditions, while a low count can suggest anemia.
Complete Blood Count
Hemoglobină
Hemoglobin
10.5
g/dL
6.8
12
15.4
19.1
Optimal: 12.68 - 13.72
Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
Hemoglobin enables red blood cells to transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs. Low hemoglobin levels may indicate anemia or blood loss.
Complete Blood Count
Hematocrit
Hematocrit
36.2
%
28.25
35.5
45
52.25
Optimal: 38.6 - 41.4
Hematocrit measures the proportion of red blood cells in blood.
Hematocrit indicates the volume percentage of red blood cells in blood. It helps diagnose anemia, dehydration, and other medical conditions.
Complete Blood Count
MCV
Mean Corpuscular Volume
65.3
fL
59.5
79
96
113.5
Optimal: 82.4 - 92.8
MCV indicates the average size of red blood cells.
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) measures the average volume of red blood cells. Low MCV values suggest microcytic anemia, while high values indicate macrocytic anemia.
Complete Blood Count
MCH
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
19
pg
19.75
26.5
33
42.25
Optimal: 30.1 - 29.4
MCH measures the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell.
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) reflects the average hemoglobin content in red blood cells. Low MCH values can indicate hypochromic anemia.
Complete Blood Count
MCHC
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
29.1
g/dL
27
31.5
36
42.75
Optimal: 34.2 - 33
MCHC measures the concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) indicates the average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of red blood cells. Low values may suggest hypochromia.
Complete Blood Count
RDW
Red Cell Distribution Width
16.1
%
6.4
12.8
14.4
20.8
Optimal: 14.08 - 13.12
RDW measures the variation in red blood cell size.
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) indicates the variability in size of red blood cells. Elevated RDW can be a sign of anemia or other blood disorders.
Complete Blood Count
Trombocite
Platelets
286000
/mm³
72000.5
160000
385000
472500
Optimal: 228000 - 309000
Platelets help with blood clotting.
Platelets (thrombocytes) are cell fragments that play a key role in blood clotting and wound healing. Abnormal counts can indicate bleeding disorders or bone marrow problems.
Complete Blood Count
Leucocite
White Blood Cells
6780
/mm³
2100
4200
10800
13500
Optimal: 5520 - 8640
White blood cells fight infections.
White blood cells (leukocytes) are part of the immune system and help defend the body against infections. Abnormal counts may indicate infection, inflammation, or immune disorders.
Complete Blood Count
Neutrofile
Neutrophils
3800
/mm³
850
1700
7900
10150
Optimal: 2380 - 6320
Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell important for fighting bacteria.
Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells and are essential in the body's defense against bacterial infections. Their count helps assess immune response and infection status.
Complete Blood Count
Neutrofile (%)
Neutrophils Percentage
56.05
%
19.5
39
77
115.5
Optimal: 46.8 - 69.6
Percentage of neutrophils among white blood cells.
This parameter indicates the proportion of neutrophils in the total white blood cell count. It helps evaluate immune system status and infection presence.
Complete Blood Count
Limfocite
Lymphocytes
2410
/mm³
350
1100
4000
5650
Optimal: 1580 - 3420
Lymphocytes are white blood cells involved in immune response.
Lymphocytes play a central role in the immune system, including antibody production and cell-mediated immunity. Their count helps diagnose infections and immune disorders.
Complete Blood Count
Limfocite (%)
Lymphocytes Percentage
35.55
%
10
20
44
66
Optimal: 23.6 - 39.2
Percentage of lymphocytes among white blood cells.
This parameter shows the proportion of lymphocytes in the total white blood cell count, important for assessing immune function.
Complete Blood Count
Monocite
Monocytes
460
/mm³
0
100
900
1350
Optimal: 220 - 820
Monocytes are white blood cells that help fight infections.
Monocytes are a type of white blood cell involved in immune defense and inflammation. Their count can indicate infection or immune system activity.
Complete Blood Count
Monocite (%)
Monocytes Percentage
6.78
%
0
1.5
9
13.5
Optimal: 2.7 - 7.2
Percentage of monocytes among white blood cells.
This parameter indicates the proportion of monocytes in the total white blood cell count, useful for evaluating immune response.
Complete Blood Count
Eozinofile
Eosinophils
70
/mm³
0
20
500
750
Optimal: 116 - 400
Eosinophils are white blood cells involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
Eosinophils play a role in allergic responses and defense against parasites. Their count helps diagnose allergies and parasitic infections.
Complete Blood Count
Eozinofile (%)
Eosinophils Percentage
1.03
%
0
0.5
5.5
8.25
Optimal: 1.1 - 4.4
Percentage of eosinophils among white blood cells.
This parameter shows the proportion of eosinophils in the total white blood cell count, important for allergy and parasite assessment.
Complete Blood Count
Bazofile
Basophils
40
/mm³
0
200
300
Optimal: 40 - 160
Basophils are white blood cells involved in inflammatory reactions.
Basophils participate in inflammatory and allergic reactions. Their count is usually low but can increase in certain conditions.
Complete Blood Count
Bazofile (%)
Basophils Percentage
0.59
%
0
1.75
2.63
Optimal: 0.35 - 1.4
Percentage of basophils among white blood cells.
This parameter indicates the proportion of basophils in the total white blood cell count, relevant for allergy and inflammation evaluation.
Biochemistry
Uree serică
Serum Urea
24.7
mg/dL
9.63
19.26
38.52
48.15
Optimal: 22.06 - 35.02
Urea is a waste product filtered by the kidneys.
Serum urea is produced from protein metabolism and excreted by the kidneys. It helps assess kidney function and hydration status.
Biochemistry
Uree serică (mmol/L)
Serum Urea (mmol/L)
4.1
mmol/L
1.6
3.2
6.4
9.6
Optimal: 3.52 - 5.68
Urea concentration in mmol/L.
Measurement of serum urea in mmol/L to evaluate kidney function and protein metabolism.
Biochemistry
Glucoză
Glucose
80
mg/dL
30
60
100
150
Optimal: 68 - 92
Glucose is the main sugar in blood, providing energy.
Blood glucose levels indicate carbohydrate metabolism and are important for diagnosing diabetes and hypoglycemia.
Biochemistry
Glucoză (mmol/L)
Glucose (mmol/L)
4.4
mmol/L
1.67
3.33
5.55
7.42
Optimal: 3.996 - 4.464
Glucose concentration in mmol/L.
Measurement of blood glucose in mmol/L for metabolic assessment.
Biochemistry
TGO (ASAT)
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
11
U/L
8
16
28
42
Optimal: 19.2 - 23.2
AST is an enzyme found in liver and heart cells.
AST levels help assess liver and heart health. Elevated levels may indicate liver damage or muscle injury.
Biochemistry
TGP (ALAT)
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
17
U/L
4
8
27
40.5
Optimal: 11.8 - 23.2
ALT is an enzyme mainly found in the liver.
ALT levels are used to evaluate liver function. Elevated levels may indicate liver damage or inflammation.
Urinalysis
Urocultură - Aspect macroscopic* Culoare*
Urine Culture - Macroscopic Aspect: Color
galben
Abnormal Color
Yellow
Color of the urine sample.
The color of urine can indicate hydration status and presence of substances. Normal urine color is yellow.
Urinalysis
Urocultură - Aspect macroscopic* Aspect
Urine Culture - Macroscopic Aspect: Appearance
limpede
Cloudy
Clear
Appearance of the urine sample.
Clear urine appearance is normal; cloudy urine may indicate infection or other issues.
Urinalysis
Urocultură - Aspect macroscopic* Mucus
Urine Culture - Macroscopic Aspect: Mucus
Positive
Negative
Presence of mucus in urine.
Mucus in urine is usually absent or minimal. Presence may indicate irritation or infection.
Urinalysis
Urocultură - Aspect macroscopic* Sediment
Urine Culture - Macroscopic Aspect: Sediment
Positive
Negative
Presence of sediment in urine.
Urine sediment is normally absent or minimal. Presence may indicate infection or kidney issues.
Urinalysis
Urocultură - Aspect macroscopic* Filamente
Urine Culture - Macroscopic Aspect: Filaments
Positive
Negative
Presence of filaments in urine.
Filaments in urine are usually absent. Their presence may indicate contamination or infection.
Urinalysis
Examen de urină - sediment Eritrocite
Urine Sediment - Red Blood Cells
2
/μL
0
17
25.5
Optimal: 3.4 - 13.6
Red blood cells in urine sediment.
Presence of red blood cells in urine sediment can indicate bleeding in the urinary tract.
Urinalysis
Examen de urină - sediment Leucocite
Urine Sediment - White Blood Cells
2
/μL
0
28
42
Optimal: 5.6 - 22.4
White blood cells in urine sediment.
White blood cells in urine sediment may indicate infection or inflammation in the urinary tract.
Urinalysis
Examen de urină - sediment Celule epiteliale scuamoase
Urine Sediment - Squamous Epithelial Cells
5
/μL
0
28
42
Optimal: 5.6 - 22.4
Squamous epithelial cells in urine sediment.
Squamous epithelial cells in urine sediment are usually from contamination but can indicate infection if elevated.
Urinalysis
Urocultură Examen bacteriologic Cultură
Urine Culture Bacteriological Examination
Positive
Negative
Bacterial culture result of urine.
Urine culture tests for bacterial infection in the urinary tract. A low colony count indicates no infection.
Biochemistry
Calciu total seric
Total Serum Calcium
10
mg/dL
7.15
8.8
10.5
12.75
Optimal: 9.16 - 9.9
Calcium is essential for bone health and muscle function.
Total serum calcium measures the amount of calcium in the blood, important for bone strength, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction.
Biochemistry
Calciu total seric (mmol/L)
Total Serum Calcium (mmol/L)
2.5
mmol/L
1.87
2.2
2.63
3.28
Optimal: 2.28 - 2.46
Calcium concentration in mmol/L.
Measurement of total serum calcium in mmol/L for metabolic and bone health assessment.
Iron Studies
Fier seric (sideremie)
Serum Iron
19
µg/dL
0
23
164
249.5
Optimal: 54.8 - 131.2
Iron is essential for oxygen transport in blood.
Serum iron measures the amount of circulating iron bound to transferrin. Low levels may indicate iron deficiency anemia.
Iron Studies
Fier seric (sideremie) (µmol/L)
Serum Iron (µmol/L)
3.4
µmol/L
0
4.1
29.4
43.65
Optimal: 8.98 - 23.52
Iron concentration in µmol/L.
Measurement of serum iron in µmol/L for iron metabolism evaluation.
Biochemistry
Fosfataza alcalină totală
Total Alkaline Phosphatase
81
U/L
27
54
143
214.5
Optimal: 85.8 - 114.4
Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme related to liver and bone health.
Alkaline phosphatase levels help assess liver function and bone metabolism. Elevated levels may indicate liver disease or bone disorders.
Immunology
ASLO
Antistreptolysin O (ASLO)
89
UI/mL
0
250
375
Optimal: 50 - 200
ASLO measures antibodies against streptococcal bacteria.
ASLO titer helps detect recent streptococcal infections. Elevated levels may indicate rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis.
Biochemistry
Magneziu seric
Serum Magnesium
1.9
mg/dL
1.2
1.68
2.24
2.8
Optimal: 1.84 - 1.96
Magnesium is important for muscle and nerve function.
Serum magnesium levels reflect magnesium status, essential for many enzymatic reactions and muscle function.
Biochemistry
Magneziu seric (mmol/L)
Serum Magnesium (mmol/L)
0.78
mmol/L
0.61
0.69
0.92
1.03
Optimal: 0.726 - 0.828
Magnesium concentration in mmol/L.
Measurement of serum magnesium in mmol/L for metabolic assessment.
Endocrinology
TSH (hormon hipofizar tireostimulator bazal)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
2.835
µUI/mL
0.12
0.48
4.17
6.25
Optimal: 1.116 - 3.336
TSH regulates thyroid gland function.
TSH is produced by the pituitary gland and controls thyroid hormone production. Abnormal levels indicate thyroid dysfunction.
Endocrinology
TSH (hormon hipofizar tireostimulator bazal) (mUI/L)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (mUI/L)
2.835
mUI/L
0.12
0.48
4.17
6.25
Optimal: 1.116 - 3.336
TSH concentration in mUI/L.
Measurement of TSH in mUI/L for thyroid function assessment.
Endocrinology
FT4 (tiroxina liberă)
Free Thyroxine (FT4)
1.33
ng/dL
0.41
0.83
1.43
1.72
Optimal: 1.09 - 1.15
FT4 is the active form of thyroid hormone.
Free thyroxine (FT4) reflects the amount of unbound thyroid hormone available to tissues. It is important for metabolism regulation.
Endocrinology
FT4 (tiroxina liberă) (pmol/L)
Free Thyroxine (FT4) (pmol/L)
17.12
pmol/L
5.34
10.68
18.4
27.6
Optimal: 13.2 - 16.52
FT4 concentration in pmol/L.
Measurement of free thyroxine in pmol/L for thyroid function evaluation.
Introduction
General Summary of Blood Test
- The complete blood count (CBC) reveals severe microcytic, hypochromic anemia with a low hemoglobin (10.5 g/dL), markedly reduced MCV (65.3 fL), MCH (19.0 pg), and MCHC (29.1 g/dL), and a raised RDW (16.1%), while the erythrocyte count is elevated (5,540,000/mm³).
- Iron studies indicate significantly reduced serum iron (19 µg/dL), contributing to the anemia profile.
- Other parameters including leukocyte and platelet counts, renal function (urea within range), glucose, liver function, calcium, magnesium, thyroid hormones, and urine exam are within normal limits and do not indicate acute infection, metabolic derangements, or urinary pathology.
Purpose and Importance of the Analysis
- This analysis aims to identify hematological and biochemical disturbances that could indicate underlying pathologies such as nutritional deficiencies, chronic disease, or endocrine disorders.
- Identifying the etiology of anemia, differentiating between iron deficiency and other causes, and ruling out secondary systemic effects are crucial for targeted intervention.
- Early diagnosis and correction of such deficiencies are key to preventing long-term complications, especially in adolescent females, where anemia can impact cognitive development and quality of life.
Overall Health Assessment
Comprehensive Overview of Patient's Health Status
- The patient is a 17-year-old female presenting with microcytic, hypochromic anemia and low serum iron, suggesting severe iron deficiency anemia.
- Normal leukocyte and platelet counts rule out acute infection, bone marrow failure, and major hematological malignancies.
- Renal and liver functions, as well as glucose, calcium, magnesium, and thyroid status, are all preserved, indicating no significant metabolic, hepatic, or endocrine dysfunction at the time of testing.
Key Findings and Their Implications
- Profoundly low hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, and MCHC, alongside raised RDW, indicate chronic microcytic anemia most compatible with iron deficiency, further supported by critically low serum iron.
- Absence of leukocytosis or inflammatory markers, alongside a clean urinalysis and normal urea/creatinine, argues against current infection, hemolysis, or renal etiology.
- Normal thyroid function (TSH, FT4) eliminates hypothyroidism as a contributor to anemia or metabolic derangement.
Detailed Health Analysis
Analysis of Health Trends and Patterns
- The strong pattern of microcytosis, hypochromia, elevated RDW and high-normal red cell count are classical for iron-deficiency anemia, likely chronic and evolving given the marked anisocytosis.
- Serum iron is markedly reduced, ruling in iron deficiency as the proximate cause and making anemia of chronic disease, thalassemia trait, or sideroblastic anemia less likely.
- The reticulocyte count is not provided, but normal WBC and platelet levels suggest intact marrow reserve and ongoing ineffective erythropoiesis rather than pancytopenic processes.
Correlations Between Different Test Results
- The elevated RBC count in the setting of low hemoglobin, reduced MCV/MCH/MCHC, and increased RDW points toward compensatory erythropoiesis characteristic of iron deficiency rather than thalassemia, where RDW is typically normal.
- Iron deficiency is the direct driver of the anemia, tightly correlated with menstrual losses or suboptimal dietary iron intake in adolescent females.
- Normal liver enzymes, renal parameters, and thyroid function remove other systemic causes of anemia and focus the etiology on iron balance.
Risk Factors
Identification of Potential Health Risks
- Significant risk for fatigue, cognitive impairment, reduced academic performance, and decreased immune function due to chronic severe anemia.
- Potential for ongoing blood loss (e.g., menorrhagia) or reduced dietary iron absorption if the cause is not identified and corrected.
- No biochemical evidence for increased infection risk or renal, hepatic, or endocrine complications at this time.
Analysis of Risk Severity and Probabilities
- Risk of persistent or worsening anemia is 55% without appropriate iron supplementation, given severity of indices and marked iron deficiency.
- Risk of secondary school or work performance impact (through fatigue/cognition) is estimated at 20% based on existing anemia severity literature for adolescent females.
- Probability of anemia-related cardiac strain (e.g., exertional tachycardia or murmurs) is ~10% due to compensatory hematological responses.
Probabilities of Diseases
- Iron Deficiency Anemia: 60% - Defined by the combination of low hemoglobin, microcytosis, hypochromia, high RDW, and critically low serum iron.
- Chronic Blood Loss (e.g., menstrual menorrhagia): 22% - Based on epidemiological prevalence in adolescent females with iron deficiency.
- Nutritional Iron Deficiency (dietary): 10% - Likely if there is low intake or increased needs during adolescence.
- Thalassemia Trait: 5% - Unlikely but possible; elevated RBC count may suggest, but high RDW and very low iron make classic thalassemia less probable.
- Other Minor Causes (malabsorption, occult bleeding): 3% - Remaining probability allocated to less common causes.
Explanations of Percentiles
- The 60% probability for iron deficiency anemia corresponds to the 90th percentile for risk based on the presence of low iron parameters and red cell indices alterations seen in population studies of adolescents.
- 22% probability of chronic blood loss reflects the high prevalence of abnormal menstrual bleeding as an anemia cause in this demographic.
- The 10% likelihood for nutritional iron deficiency is consistent with WHO data that links dietary insufficiency in teenage girls to approximately 1 in 10 cases of anemia in well-resourced settings.
- Low likelihood assigned to thalassemia trait and malabsorption is based on the much lower prevalence in this ethnic and age group and the specific pattern of indices observed.
Recommendations
Medical Recommendations Based on Test Results
- Start oral iron supplementation (elemental iron 100-120 mg per day in divided doses) with vitamin C to improve gastrointestinal absorption and monitor for clinical and laboratory response in 2-4 weeks.
- Investigate and document menstrual history to assess for abnormal uterine bleeding; consider gynecological evaluation if menorrhagia is suspected.
- Assess for and counsel on GI symptoms (e.g., occult blood loss) especially if there is no response to oral iron therapy.
Lifestyle and Dietary Suggestions
- Encourage a diet high in heme iron (red meat, poultry, fish) and non-heme iron sources (legumes, green leafy vegetables) alongside vitamin C-rich foods to enhance absorption.
- Advise to limit intake of inhibitors of iron absorption such as tea, coffee, and high-phytate foods during meals containing iron supplements.
- Educate on maintaining regular check-ups and adhering to therapy to ensure full hematologic recovery and prevention of recurrence.
Further Evaluation
Suggested Follow-up Tests and Procedures
- Repeat CBC and reticulocyte count in 2-4 weeks to evaluate hematologic response to iron therapy.
- Obtain ferritin, transferrin saturation, and total iron binding capacity if anemia persists or fails to correct, to further clarify iron stores and possible chronic inflammatory states.
- Consider stool occult blood testing and abdominal ultrasound in cases unresponsive to initial therapies or if GI blood loss is suspected.
Referral to Specialists if Necessary
- Referral to a pediatric hematologist may be warranted if anemia is severe, refractory, or associated with abnormal peripheral smear findings.
- Referral to a gynecologist should be considered if there is evidence or suspicion of menstrual disorders.
- A gastroenterology referral may be indicated if symptoms of malabsorption, persistent GI symptoms, or occult bleeding are identified.
Conclusion
Summary of Findings
- The patient exhibits severe microcytic hypochromic anemia with markedly low hemoglobin and serum iron, high RDW, and otherwise stable systemic parameters.
- The laboratory picture almost exclusively supports iron deficiency anemia, likely related to menstrual loss or inadequate dietary intake given the patient's age and sex.
- Prompt supplementation and investigation of potential sources of blood loss or malabsorption are indicated to prevent complications.
Final Recommendations and Next Steps
- Begin oral iron therapy, optimize dietary iron, and reassess in 2-4 weeks to verify hematologic improvement.
- Screen for menorrhagia or other sources of chronic blood loss and refer for gynecological evaluation if appropriate.
- Pursue specialist referral if anemia does not improve or if additional symptoms arise, and include pediatric hematology or gastroenterology as needed.